NAMING CONVENTIONS
Generally speaking, Scala uses “camel case” naming. That is, each word is capitalized, except possibly the first word:
UpperCamelCase
lowerCamelCase
Underscores in names (
_) are not actually forbidden by the compiler, but are strongly discouraged as they have special meaning within the Scala syntax. (But see below for exceptions.)Classes/Traits
Classes should be named in upper camel case:
class MyFairLady
This mimics the Java naming convention for classes.
Objects
Object names are like class names (upper camel case).
An exception is when mimicking a package or function. This isn’t common. Example:
object ast {
sealed trait Expr
case class Plus(e1: Expr, e2: Expr) extends Expr
...
}
object inc {
def apply(x: Int): Int = x + 1
}
Packages
Scala packages should follow the Java package naming conventions:
// wrong!
package coolness
// right! puts only coolness._ in scope
package com.novell.coolness
// right! puts both novell._ and coolness._ in scope
package com.novell
package coolness
// right, for package object com.novell.coolness
package com.novell
/**
* Provides classes related to coolness
*/
package object coolness {
}
root
It is occasionally necessary to fully-qualify imports using
_root_. For example if another net is in scope, then to access net.liftweb we must write e.g.:import _root_.net.liftweb._
Do not overuse
_root_. In general, nested package resolves are a good thing and very helpful in reducing import clutter. Using _root_ not only negates their benefit, but also introduces extra clutter in and of itself.Methods
Textual (alphabetic) names for methods should be in lower camel case:
def myFairMethod = ...
This section is not a comprehensive guide to idiomatic method naming in Scala. Further information may be found in the method invocation section.
Accessors/Mutators
Scala does not follow the Java convention of prepending
set/get to mutator and accessor methods (respectively). Instead, the following conventions are used:- For accessors of properties, the name of the method should be the name of the property.
- In some instances, it is acceptable to prepend “`is`” on a boolean accessor (e.g.
isEmpty). This should only be the case when no corresponding mutator is provided. Please note that the Lift convention of appending “_?” to boolean accessors is non-standard and not used outside of the Lift framework. - For mutators, the name of the method should be the name of the property with “
_=” appended. As long as a corresponding accessor with that particular property name is defined on the enclosing type, this convention will enable a call-site mutation syntax which mirrors assignment. Note that this is not just a convention but a requirement of the language.class Foo { def bar = ... def bar_=(bar: Bar) { ... } def isBaz = ... } val foo = new Foo foo.bar // accessor foo.bar = bar2 // mutator foo.isBaz // boolean property
Unfortunately, these conventions fall afoul of the Java convention to name the private fields encapsulated by accessors and mutators according to the property they represent. For example:
public class Company {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
In Scala, there is no distinction between fields and methods. In fact, fields are completely named and controlled by the compiler. If we wanted to adopt the Java convention of bean getters/setters in Scala, this is a rather simple encoding:
class Company {
private var _name: String = _
def name = _name
def name_=(name: String) {
_name = name
}
}
While Hungarian notation is terribly ugly, it does have the advantage of disambiguating the
_name variable without cluttering the identifier. The underscore is in the prefix position rather than the suffix to avoid any danger of mistakenly typing name _ instead of name_. With heavy use of Scala’s type inference, such a mistake could potentially lead to a very confusing error.
Note that the Java getter/setter paradigm was often used to work around a lack of first class support for Properties and bindings. In Scala, there are libraries that support properties and bindings. The convention is to use an immutable reference to a property class that contains its own getter and setter. For example:
class Company {
val string: Property[String] = Property("Initial Value")
Parentheses
Unlike Ruby, Scala attaches significance to whether or not a method is declaredwith parentheses (only applicable to methods of arity-0). For example:
def foo1() = ...
def foo2 = ...
These are different methods at compile-time. While
foo1 can be called with or without the parentheses, foo2 may not be called with parentheses.
Thus, it is actually quite important that proper guidelines be observed regarding when it is appropriate to declare a method without parentheses and when it is not.
Methods which act as accessors of any sort (either encapsulating a field or a logical property) should be declared without parentheses except if they have side effects. While Ruby and Lift use a
! to indicate this, the usage of parens is preferred (please note that fluid APIs and internal domain-specific languages have a tendency to break the guidelines given below for the sake of syntax. Such exceptions should not be considered a violation so much as a time when these rules do not apply. In a DSL, syntax should be paramount over convention).
Further, the callsite should follow the declaration; if declared with parentheses, call with parentheses. While there is temptation to save a few characters, if you follow this guideline, your code will be much more readable and maintainable.
// doesn't change state, call as birthdate
def birthdate = firstName
// updates our internal state, call as age()
def age() = {
_age = updateAge(birthdate)
_age
}
Symbolic Method Names
Avoid! Despite the degree to which Scala facilitates this area of API design, the definition of methods with symbolic names should not be undertaken lightly, particularly when the symbols itself are non-standard (for example,
>>#>>). As a general rule, symbolic method names have two valid use-cases:- Domain-specific languages (e.g.
actor1 ! Msg) - Logically mathematical operations (e.g.
a + borc :: d)
In the former case, symbolic method names may be used with impunity so long as the syntax is actually beneficial. However, in the course of standard API design, symbolic method names should be strictly reserved for purely-functional operations. Thus, it is acceptable to define a
>>= method for joining two monads, but it is not acceptable to define a << method for writing to an output stream. The former is mathematically well-defined and side-effect free, while the latter is neither of these.
As a general rule, symbolic method names should be well-understood and self documenting in nature. The rule of thumb is as follows: if you need to explain what the method does, then it should have a real, descriptive name rather than a symbols. There are some very rare cases where it is acceptable to invent new symbolic method names. Odds are, your API is not one of those cases!
The definition of methods with symbolic names should be considered an advanced feature in Scala, to be used only by those most well-versed in its pitfalls. Without care, excessive use of symbolic method names can easily transform even the simplest code into symbolic soup.
Constants, Values, Variable and Methods
Constant names should be in upper camel case. Similar to Java’s
static finalmembers, if the member is final, immutable and it belongs to a package object or an object, it may be considered a constant:object Container {
val MyConstant = ...
}
The value:
Pi in scala.math
Method, Value and variable names should be in lower camel case:
val myValue = ...
def myMethod = ...
var myVariable
Type Parameters (generics)
For simple type parameters, a single upper-case letter (from the English alphabet) should be used, starting with
A (this is different than the Java convention of starting with T). For example:class List[A] {
def map[B](f: A => B): List[B] = ...
}
If the type parameter has a more specific meaning, a descriptive name should be used, following the class naming conventions (as opposed to an all-uppercase style):
// Right
class Map[Key, Value] {
def get(key: Key): Value
def put(key: Key, value: Value): Unit
}
// Wrong; don't use all-caps
class Map[KEY, VALUE] {
def get(key: KEY): VALUE
def put(key: KEY, value: VALUE): Unit
}
If the scope of the type parameter is small enough, a mnemonic can be used in place of a longer, descriptive name:
class Map[K, V] {
def get(key: K): V
def put(key: K, value: V): Unit
}
Higher-Kinds and Parameterized Type parameters
Higher-kinds are theoretically no different from regular type parameters (except that their kind is at least
*=>* rather than simply *). The naming conventions are generally similar, however it is preferred to use a descriptive name rather than a single letter, for clarity:class HigherOrderMap[Key[_], Value[_]] { ... }
The single letter form is (sometimes) acceptable for fundamental concepts used throughout a codebase, such as
F[_] for Functor and M[_] for Monad.
In such cases, the fundamental concept should be something well known and understood to the team, or have tertiary evidence, such as the following:
def doSomething[M[_]: Monad](m: M[Int]) = ...
Here, the type bound
: Monad offers the necessary evidence to inform the reader that M[_] is the type of the Monad.Annotations
Annotations, such as
@volatile should be in lower camel case:class cloneable extends StaticAnnotation
This convention is used throughout the Scala library, even though it is not consistent with Java annotation naming.
Note: This convention applied even when using type aliases on annotations. For example, when using JDBC:
type id = javax.persistence.Id .target.field
var id: Int = 0
Special Note on Brevity
Because of Scala’s roots in the functional languages, it is quite normal for local names to be very short:
def add(a: Int, b: Int) = a + b
This would be bad practice in languages like Java, but it is good practice in Scala. This convention works because properly-written Scala methods are quite short, only spanning a single expression and rarely going beyond a few lines. Few local names are used (including parameters), and so there is no need to contrive long, descriptive names. This convention substantially improves the brevity of most Scala sources. This in turn improves readability, as most expressions fit in one line and the arguments to methods have descriptive type names.
This convention only applies to parameters of very simple methods (and local fields for very simply classes); everything in the public interface should be descriptive. Also note that the names of arguments are now part of the public API of a class, since users can use named parameters in method calls.
